The Effect of Green Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with the Achillea millefolium Extract on the Morphometric and Developmental Indices of Preantral Follicles in Immature NMRI Mice

Background: Nanoparticles (NPs) are small-sized particles with dimensions of 1 - 100 nm that have various medical and pharmaceutical technology applications. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to develop a quick, green, eco-friendly procedure for the synthesis gold NPs (AMGNPs) using aqueous extract Achillea millefolium (AM) evaluate effects them on preantral follicle (PF) maturation in vitro compared commercially provided GNPs (C-GNPs) AM alone. Methods: We assessed PF through morphological assessment follicles, diameter changes, estradiol progesterone levels PF. also evaluated morphometric indices control group groups treated extract, green GNPs, C-GNPs. Results: The results showed had positive development by increasing production estradiol. evaluation C-GNPs one four days after treatment mean follicles was significantly reduced group. Moreover, level increased, decreased all experimental (10, 25, 50, µg/mL C-GNPs, extract) (P-value < 0.05). size concentration were 20 150 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: findings suggest synthesized can minimize hazardous beneficial growth